nternational law defines trafficking as the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means such as threat, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of a position of vulnerability, or payments or benefits, for the purpose of exploitation. Source: UN Palermo Protocol.

Trafficking vs smuggling – the quick differences

• Purpose: trafficking aims at exploitation. Smuggling aims at profit from border crossing. UNODC FAQ
• Border: trafficking can occur within a country or across borders. Smuggling always crosses a national border. UNODC FAQ
• Consent: consent is irrelevant where means like force, coercion or deception are used. For smuggling there is initial consent to be moved, which can change if exploitation occurs. UNODC FAQ
• Victim status: trafficking victims are entitled to protection and assistance. Smuggled migrants may also need protection, but the legal frameworks differ. UNODC education module

Child trafficking note

When the person is under 18 years, proof of means is not required to establish the crime of trafficking. Any act for the purpose of exploitation involving a child qualifies. UNODC explainer on child trafficking.

Common forms of exploitation

• Sexual exploitation
• Forced labour and forced criminality
• Slavery or practices similar to slavery
• Servitude
• Removal of organs

Categories follow the Palermo Protocol and UNODC reporting. See the Protocol and the UNODC Global Report pages for details.

Recognising possible indicators

Indicators can help identify risk but are not proof on their own. Use multiple indicators and consider context. UNODC indicators list.

• Restriction of movement or constant surveillance
• Confiscated identity documents
• Signs of deception about job, wages or conditions
• Debt bondage or threats to family
• Living and working at the same place under control of others